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🌍 Topic 1.2:- MIGRATION

🔑 1. Key Terms & Definitions​

  • Migration: Permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another.
  • Immigration: Moving into a country.
  • Emigration: Moving out of a country.
  • Migrant: A person who moves from one place to another.
  • Net Migration: Difference between immigration and emigration.
  • Push Factors: Reasons that force people to leave a place.
  • Pull Factors: Reasons that attract people to a place.

📦 2. Types of Migration​

🏠 A. Internal Migration (Within a country)​

1. Rural → Urban Migration​

Movement from countryside to cities

Reasons:​
  • Jobs (factories, offices)
  • Better education
  • Healthcare access
  • Modern lifestyle
Example:​
  • Movement to cities like Nairobi from rural areas

2. Urban → Rural Migration

  • Less common in developing countries
  • Seen in developed countries (counter-urbanisation)
Reasons:​
  • Less congestion
  • Better environment

🌎 B. International Migration (Between countries)​

1. Voluntary Migration​

  • People choose to move
Examples:​
  • Jobs abroad
  • Education
  • Better quality of life

2. Involuntary (Forced) Migration​

  • People have no choice
Causes:​
  • War
  • Natural disasters
  • Persecution
Example:​
  • Refugees fleeing conflict (e.g. from Syria)

🚀 3. Causes of Migration (Push & Pull Factors)​

🔴 Push Factors (Leave a place)​

  • Unemployment
  • Low wages
  • Poor healthcare
  • War/conflict
  • Natural disasters (drought, floods)
  • Political instability

🟢 Pull Factors (Attract to a place)​

  • Job opportunities
  • Higher wages
  • Better education
  • Good healthcare
  • Political stability
  • Safety

📌 Exam Tip:​

👉 Always pair push and pull factors in answers for higher marks.

🌆 4. Impacts of Migration​

A. Impacts on Destination Country​

✅ Positive:​

  • Provides labour (fills job shortages)
  • Economic growth
  • Cultural diversity
  • Skilled workers (doctors, engineers)

❌ Negative:​

  • Pressure on housing → slums
  • Strain on services (schools, hospitals)
  • Unemployment (competition for jobs)
  • Social tensions

🌄 B. Impacts on Origin Country​

✅ Positive:​

  • Reduced unemployment
  • Remittances (money sent home)
  • Skills gained abroad

❌ Negative:​

  • Brain drain (loss of skilled workers)
  • Ageing population
  • Reduced workforce

👤 C. Impacts on Migrants Themselves​

✅ Positive:​

  • Higher income
  • Better living standards
  • More opportunities

❌ Negative:​

  • Homesickness
  • Cultural/language barriers
  • Discrimination
  • Poor living conditions

🔄 5. Internal Migration (Detailed)​

🌆 Rural → Urban Migration​

Causes:​

  • Mechanisation → fewer farm jobs
  • Better opportunities in cities
  • Services concentrated in urban areas

Effects:​

  • Growth of cities
  • Development of informal settlements (slums)
  • Urban problems (traffic, pollution)

🌍 6. International Migration (Detailed)​

Example Patterns:​

  • Developing → Developed countries
  • Rural → Urban globally

📚 7. CASE STUDY: International Migration​

🇲🇽 ➡️ 🇺🇸 Migration (Mexico to USA)​

Countries:

  • Mexico → United States

📌 Causes (Push & Pull)​

Push Factors (Mexico):​

  • Low wages
  • Unemployment
  • Poor living conditions

Pull Factors (USA):​

  • Higher wages
  • More job opportunities
  • Better services

📊 Impacts on USA (Destination)​

Positive:​

  • Cheap labour supply
  • Economic growth
  • Cultural diversity

Negative:​

  • Pressure on services
  • Illegal immigration issues
  • Social tensions

📊 Impacts on Mexico (Origin)​

Positive:​

  • Remittances (money sent back)
  • Reduced unemployment

Negative:​

  • Loss of skilled workers
  • Family separation

📊 Impacts on Migrants​

Positive:​

  • Higher income
  • Better opportunities

Negative:​

  • Risky journeys
  • Discrimination
  • Poor working conditions

🧠 8. Exam Tips (VERY IMPORTANT)​

✍️ Answer Structure:​

“Explain why people migrate”​

  • Give push + pull factors
  • Develop each point

“Describe impacts”​

  • Cover:
    • Origin
    • Destination
    • Migrants

“Case study questions”​

  • MUST include:
    • Named countries
    • Causes
    • Impacts (all 3 groups)

⚠️ Common Mistakes:​

  • Only giving push OR pull (need both)
  • Forgetting impacts on migrants
  • Not using examples
  • Not developing answers

🧩 9. Quick Summary​

Migration happens because of:

  • Push factors (problems)
  • Pull factors (opportunities)

Types:

  • Internal (within country)
  • International (between countries)
  • Voluntary / Involuntary

Impacts affect:

  • Destination
  • Origin
  • Migrants